 学名：(Melia azedaeach L.) 科属：楝科楝属植物。 别名：又名楝树,紫花树,楝枣子。 翠树.森树.楝枣树.火棯树.花心树.苦辣树.洋花森。 形态特征：落叶乔木,高达20米。树冠宽广而平顶,小枝粗壮。皮孔多而明显,叶互生,2～3回奇数羽状复叶。小叶卵形至椭圆形,先端渐尖,缘何钝尖锯齿,深浅不一,基部略偏斜。圆锥状复聚伞花序腋生,花淡紫色,有香味。核果近球形,熟时黄色,宿存枝头,经冬不落。花期4～5月,果熟期10～11月。 树皮暗褐色,幼枝有星状毛,旋即脱落,老枝紫色,有细点状皮孔。2回羽状复叶,互生,长20～80厘米；小叶卵形至椭圆形,长3～7厘米,宽2～3厘米,基部阔楔形或圆形,先端长尖,边缘有齿缺,上面深绿,下面浅绿,幼时有星状毛,稍后除叶脉上有白毛外,余均无毛。圆锥花序腋生；花淡紫色,长约1厘米；花萼5裂,裂片披针形,两面均有毛；花瓣5,平展或反曲,倒披针形；雄蕊管通常暗紫色,长约7毫米。核果圆卵形或近球形,长约3厘米,淡黄色,4～5室,每室具种子1枚。花期4～5月。果期10～11月。 地理分布：苦楝是古老的树种,在我国公元6世纪的《齐民要术》中就有楝树生长特性及育苗造林的记载。苦楝在我国分布很 广。黄河流域以南.华东及华南等地皆有栽培。本地区有自然分布,栽培应用较少。多生于路旁.坡脚,或栽于屋旁.篱边。北至河北,南至云南.广西,西至四川,都有分布 。 生态习性：强阳性树,不耐庇荫,喜暖和气候,对土壤要求 不严。耐潮.风.水湿,但在积水处则生长不良,不耐干旱。枝梢生长快,至生长期终了嫩梢尚未充分成熟,顶芽轻易脱落,梢端易受冻害。春季主梢下部成熟部位再萌发生长,从而 形成分枝多.树干矮的特性。主根不明显,侧根发达,须根较少,因而抗风力强,因而大树移植成活差。幼树生长快,寿命短,对二氧化硫等抗性强,具有吸滞粉尘和杀灭细菌的功能。 苦楝喜温暧气候,喜光,不耐阴,垂直分布多在海拔1000米以下。不耐寒,在华北地区幼树轻易遭受冻害,但3～4年生以上的大树,抗寒性会明显增强。对土壤要求不严,在酸性.中性.钙质土及含盐量0.4%以下的土壤中都能生长,但以深厚.肥沃.湿润的土壤最为良好。不耐旱,怕积水。主根不明显,须根发达,分枝多。生长速度快,在环境条件适宜的地方,10年生的树其干径可达到30厘米。但它的寿命稍短,30～40年即出现衰老症状。 育苗栽培：以播种繁殖为主。出种率25~40%,种子千粒重550~830千克,每千克1200粒~1800粒,发芽率60%~80%。冬播或早 春播都可,每亩播种量15~20千克,约需40~50天才开始发芽,亩产苗量1.0~1.5万株,一年生苗高1.0~1.5米。 绿化用途：苦楝树形潇洒,枝叶秀丽,花淡雅芳香,又耐烟尘.抗污染并能杀菌．故适宜作庭荫树.行道树.疗养林的树种,也是工厂绿化.四旁绿化的好树种。  ②川楝,详%26quot;川楝子%26quot;条。 苦楝栽植技术要点 苦楝是重要的乡土树种,由于其生长迅速,材质坚软适中,纹理美观,不变形。有香气,耐腐朽,抗虫蛀,适宜作各种家具.装饰.装潢.工艺.乐器等高级用材,是木材加工业的优质原料。 苦楝适应性强,耐干旱瘠薄,不耐水渍,能在酸性.中性及钙质土壤中生长,病虫害少,是营造混交林的优良树种,宜在河渠.堤滩.农田林网.庄台四旁栽植。其木材用途广泛,经济效益高,目前市场价格每立方米1200—1500元。 苦楝易于栽植,主要技术措施是：打塘规格60公分见方即可,成片造林株行距以2×3米,3×4米,4×5米为宜。农田林网.四旁栽植单行株距3-4米,两行以上株行距4 5米。栽植深度应把握在根茎以上5公分,不宜深栽,栽植后浇透水,填土踏实,在岗淤土地或低温条件下栽后要覆盖地膜,保墒增温,提高造林成活率。农田林网上栽植苦楝一定要培垄栽植,避免出现“水包树”现象。  苦楝树网:http://hi.baidu.com/klljs 英文介绍: Formal name: (Melia Azedaeach L. (Melia Azedaeach L.. Division belong to: Lian division Lian belongs to a plant. Alias: Renown chinaberry, violet flower is cultivated, lian jujube. Tree of green tree, 棯 of jujube of Sen Shu, Lian, fire, Hua Xinshu, bitter hot tree, foreign Hua Sen. Configuration feature: Deciduous leaf arbor, be as high as 20 meters. Crown of a tree is broad and flat-roofed, rod is brawny. Leather aperture is much and apparent, foliaceous each other is unripe, 2 ～ 3 odd a shape compound leaf. Flocculus egg form comes elliptic, tip gradually pointed, needle of predestined relationship He Dun is toothed, depth is differ, jibulue is deflective. Conic shape answer cyme armpit is unripe, the flower is lilac, have sweet smell. Drupe is close globose, ripe when yellow, constellation puts branch, classics winter does not fall. Florescence 4 ～ in May, fruit is ripe period 10 ～ in November. Bark is dark Brown, young branch has astral shape hair, come back to fall off namely, old branch is purple, have opening of the fine skin that order state. Compound leaf of 2 Hui Yu shape, each other is unripe, grow 20 ～ 80 centimeters; Flocculus egg form comes elliptic, grow 3 ～ 7 centimeters, wide 2 ～ 3 centimeters, base ministry broad wedge or circle, tip grows a needle, the brim has tine to be short of, above deep green, below shallow green, young from time to tome astral shape wool, outside there is Bai Mao on defoliate arteries and veins later, yu Jun does not have wool. Panicle armpit is unripe; The flower is lilac, about 1 centimeter long; Calyx 5 crack, lobation wraps around needle form, two sides all hairiness; Petaline 5, open and flat or retroflexion, wrap around needle form; Staminal canal normally dark purple, grow about 7 millimeter. Form of drupe round egg or close globose, about 3 centimeters long, flaxen, 5 rooms of 4 ～ , every room has a seed 1. Florescence 4 ～ May. Fruit period 10 ～ in November. Geograp(责任编辑：花卉网) |